Information Flow in Biology Nucleus of an Atom Elements Found in Organisms BioChemistry Electronic Structure Ionic Bonds (Electrons Exchanged) Covalent Bonds (Electrons are shared) Hydrogen Bonds Summary of Electrostatic Interactions Water as a polar molecule Acid - Base Chemistry Amino Acids (aa) Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro Amino Acids (aa) Phe, Tyr, Trp Amino Acids (aa) Cys, Met, Ser, Thr Structure of Proteins b-Sheet and b-Turn 3D Structure of Proteins H-bonds between DNA strands Enzyme-Substrate Complex KINETICS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION (Activation Curve) CELL SIGNALLING CELL ADHESION ION CHANNELS FACILITATED DIFFUSION SODIUM / POTASSIUM PUMP PROTEIN PATHWAY GOLGI APPARATUS ENDOCYTOSIS MITOCHONDRIA CYTO-SKELETAL FILAMENTS CELL ATTACHMENT CONTRACTILE FILAMENTS CONTRACTION CYCLE VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS TRANSVERSE (T) TUBULES GAP JUNCTION TROPONIN-C & G-PROTEIN CELL CYCLE Bacterial Cell Division Cell Cycle Duplicated chromosomes are separating Sister chromatids Mitosis vs Meiosis Chromosomal arrangements during Meiosis Principles of Mass Spectrometry Collision with an electron (e-) Output of the Mass Spectrometer Electrophoresis Principles of Dialysis Ultracentrifugation Absorption vs Phase Contrast Optical Microscopy H&E Stained Tissue Section Fluorescent Microscopy Optical Microscopy (A) Transmission (B) Phase-contrast (C) Differential-Interference-Contrast (D) Dark-Field Confocal Scanning Fluorescence Microscope Electron Microscopy F. A. C. S. 2D SDS Gel Electrophoresis X-Ray Crystallography Troponin-C and Ca++ Gel Serves as Molecular Sieve Electrophoretic Mobility Ion Exchange Chromotography X-Ray Crystallagraphy Metal Shadowing to use TEM to get 3D images resembling SEM Electrophoresis Recombination Crossing of Sex Chromosomes Diploid Mapping Drosophila Genome Early Human Chromosome Map Classification of Diseases o Congenital and Congenital and Hereditary Diseases o Results of developmental disturbances o Causes: Abnormalities in genetic material, number and distribution of chromosomes, intrauterine injury by various agents, environmental effects. o Example: Congenital heart disease caused by German measles Inflammatory Diseases o Results of an injurious agent by means of inflammation o Causes: Microbiologic agents such as bacteria, alergic reactions, hypersensitivity, auto-immune diseases o Examples: Sore throat, hay fever, asthma Degenerative Diseases o Results of degeneration of various parts of the body o Causes: Natural (aging), accelerated degeneration o Examples: arthritis, arteriosclerosis Metabolic Diseases o Resulting from a disturbance in some important metabolic process o Causes: Malfunctions of endocrine system, imbalances of fluids and electolytes o Examples: diabetes, parathyroid diseases Neoplastic Diseases o Resulting from abnormal cell growth causing benign and malignant tumors o Causes: Genetic, environmental, viral o Examples: All cancers. Diagnostic Tests o Clinical laboratory tests o Tests that measure the electrical activity of the body o Tests using radio-isotopes o Endoscopy o Ultrasound procedures o X-ray examinations o Magnetic resonance imaging o Cytologic and histologic examination of cells and tissues removed from the patient Clinical Laboratory Tests o Analyte concentration measurements o Clearance tests for renal function o Pulmonary function tests ([O2] and [CO2]) o Microbiological tests o Serological tests for ABY Inflammatory Reaction Chemical Mediators of Inflammation o Mast cells in connective tissue, containing histamine o Histamine: a potent vasodilator (increases permeability of vessels) o Platelets ® serotonin (vasoconstrictor) o Injured cells ® prostaglandins o Blood plasma ® bradykinin Immunity o Humoral: Antibody (ABY) mediated o Cell mediated: formation of population of lymphocytes which can attack and destroy foreign materials (first line of defense). Also responsible for the rejection of transplants. o Hypersensitivity: causes intense inflammation, anaphylactic shock (acute respiratory distress) o Auto-immune disorders Interrelationship of Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity Pathogenesis of Allergy Mechanism Thought to Cause Auto-ABY formation Congenital & Hereditary Diseases Sex Chromosome Abnormalities o FEMALES - Turner's syndrome (XO) for 1/2500 - Triple X syndrome (XXX) for 1/850 o MALES - Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) for 1/750 - XYY syndrome for 1/850 DOWN'S Syndrome (Trisomy of Ch21)1/600 births Intrauterine Injury Caused by Thalidomide Neoplastic Diseases Factors Leading to Neoplasmic Transforma-tion of Cells Immunotherapy for Cancer o Non-specific: immunization of patients with various bacteria or bacterial products to stimulate their immune system o Specific: administration of immunizing substances containing tumor cell antigens Abnormalities in Blood Coagulation Pathway o Figure showing the coagulation and thrombolytic pathways Cardiovascular Disorders o Myocardial Infarction (1.5 million cases annually) o Coronary Artery Disease o Heart Failure (5 million cases, 5000 transplants/year) o Number 1 cause of death in USA and EU Myocardial Infarction o Disturbance of cardiac rhythm (aka arrhythmias) o Heart failure o Cardiac rupture o Intracardial thrombi o Pericarditis (from inflammation) o Papillary muscle dysfunction (loss of contractility) o Ventricular aneurysm (bulging) Coronary Artery Disease Role of Cholesterol in CAD Heart Failure (HF) o Heart is no longer able to function efficiently - Acute HF: rapid progression - Chronic HF: slow onset and progression o Pathogenesis - Forward failure: Inadequate cardiac output resulting salt and water retention by kidney - Backward failure: Blood backup in venous circulation Respiratory Disorders o Pneumothorax: Loss of negative pressure o Atelectasis: Incomplete expansion of lung due to - obstruction of bronchi - external compression o Pneumonia (inflammation of lungs) o Tuberculosis o Emphysema (destruction of alveoli) o Bronchial Asthma (IgE®bronchospasm) Pancreas o Islets of Langerhans - a: secretion of glucagon ([glucose]) - b: secretion of insulin (¯[glucose]) - D: inhibition of glucagon & insulin secretion o Cyctic Fibrosis(CF gene on Ch. 7) - 50% mortality before age 21 - Defective transport across cell membrane (Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate, Water) - Thick mucus accumulation - Obstructions in pancreatic ducts, bronchi and bile ducts ® cystically dilated ducts. Diabetes o Insulin dependent (Type I): Resulting from a damage or destruction of pancreatic islets, leading to reduction or absence of insulin secretion o Non-Insulin dependent (Type II): Somatic cells are relatively insensitive to the actions of insulin - More common - Reason for impaired response is not known - Correlated to obesity